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Negative Conditioning is well known for its ability to make animals do things. For example if an animal is placed on a hot plate it will appear to dance. If the animal is played music at the same time after awhile it will associate the music with the hot plate. The hot plate may be removed and the animal will appear to still dance when music is played.
Conditioning may also be used more positively. If an animal is given a treat when encouraged to dance then the animal will associate getting the treat with dancing and the treat will not need to be given so much. The treat could be in the form of praise.
Therefore praise is a form of positive conditioning and opposite to this, ridicule, is a form of negative conditioning.
Conditioning will also take place if a person is shown or told to be afraid of something. This is especially significant if done by a person they trust.
When a baby is born it has no fears and would play with a dangerous object if allowed. The baby is taught, conditioned, that certain things are dangerous to them.
A person is conditioned to be fearful of the thing that causes them the feelings of anxiety.
It should be noted that if people feel "sorry for you" or if they try to protect you from life this could also cause problems. People who constantly "help" you are not allowing you to face and conquer the anxiety.
One of the reasons that some people do this is because it gives then a scene of control and power. It also gives them and an "ego trip" because they feel they are able to do things other aren't. They are able to dominate the situation, this may help them better about their own insecurity's. This may undermine a persons confidence and self esteem even more and make you feel even less able to carry out normal day to day tasks. The circle of anxiety resulting in a lack of self confidence begins. After a while you may become conditioned to believe that you are unable to do things. The person may start to avoid situations that would result in them experiencing anxiety and develop a phobia about the situation.
Some times a person who is very experienced at carrying out a task forgets that when they first learned it they too found it difficult to carry out. They expect others to be as confidant as they are doing the task. This causes some people to undermine the person learning the task. This may not always be done deliberately but the effect can be just as undermining to person..
| Learning Addiction | ||
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Learning Addiction from thescientistllc on Vimeo. |
Eleanor Simpson, a neuroscientist at Columbia University Medical Center, discusses a recent Nature paper that probes dopamine’s role in helping animals make positive associations to stimuli that herald pleasurable outcomes (such as the handing out of food). From these types of studies, she says, researchers will be able to glean insights into human addictions. Read the full story By Cristina Luiggi | July 13, 2011 on (The Scientist) Pavlovian Conditioning, (Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Wikipedia), is the classic example of associative learning. A dog that always hears a bell ring immediately prior to being fed will eventually salivate at the mere sound of the bell. At the heart of this type of learning is the feel-good neurotransmitter dopamine, which helps animals make positive associations to stimuli that herald pleasurable outcomes. But there’s a flip side to dopamine signaling: the development of addictive behaviors. Columbia University neuroscientist Eleanor Simpson discusses a study that pushes the boundaries of what’s known about dopamine, associative learning, and addiction (Nature, 469:53-57, 2011). (Nature) |
| Pavlov's Dogs Get Conditioned Dramatic recreation | ||
Classical conditioning, Pavlovian Conditioning, (Ivan Petrovich Pavlov, Wikipedia)
| Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning | ||
Classical Conditioning about LEARNED responses, not innate responses. Innate responses are what we call "reflexes", which can be defined by the reflex arc. Usually with enough successful shaping, you can involve intermediate rft's, instead of a constant rft schedule. You described operant conditioning very good, but the classical conditioning explanation was quite poor. The can-opener is a much better way of explanation of describing a Neutral Stimulus (NS), Conditioned Stimulus (CS), and a CR.
(Wikipedia) A neutral stimulus is a stimulus which initially produces no specific response other than focusing attention. In classical conditioning, when used together with an unconditioned stimulus, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus |
| Operant conditioning | ||
Skinner, (Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Wikipedia), interview showing operant conditioning with pigeons. Discusses schedules of reinforcement |
Skinner: Operant Conditioning (Simply psychology), (Burrhus Frederic Skinner, Wikipedia) believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more productive to study observable behaviour rather than internal mental events. Skinner believed that the best way to understand behaviour is to look at the causes of an action and its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning.
Listen to a MIT, (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), undergraduate lecture on Conditioning (.rm Real Media file format).
Negative messages which you should counteract with positive self messages and affirmations
Look at other websites about anxiety, phobia and depression.
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